Predictors of high functional disability and mortality at 3 months in patients with status epilepticus.

PURPOSE: There are differences in epidemiology, etiology, and outcome in status epilepticus (SE) between developing and developed countries, which limits generalizability. We evaluated factors related to outcome at 3 months in SE patients in a developing country- Ecuador. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected dataset of patients treated for SE at a single hospital over 4 years, recording on 107 patients and 109 episodes, including clinical, demographic, and prognosis assessments. RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 33%, and 38% at 3 months. Glasgow Coma Scale score pretreatment ≤12 (odds ratio = 7.7), Charlson Index of comorbidities ≥3 (odds ratio = 5.6) and brain lesion (odds ratio = 6.4) predicted high disability. History of epilepsy was associated with favorable outcome in general, and showed a positive impact on survival rates (odds ratio = 0.3), while Glasgow Coma Scale scores pretreatment ≤12 (odds ratio = 4.1) and refractory SE (odds ratio = 2.1) were associated with reduced survival rates. Acute symptomatic etiology was the most common cause of SE (58%). Etiologies with structural brain lesion showed a significantly lower survival rate (Log ranks = 0.04 and 0.003) compared to other groups. CONCLUSION: Mortality rate at 3 months for SE patients was high. Glasgow Coma Scale, Charlson Index, and brain lesions were associated with unfavorable outcome, including mortality. Overall, the results were similar to those reported in more developed countries, but some differences, including overall higher mortality, prevalence of nonconvulsive SE, and lack of association of age with outcome were evident.

Predisposing factors and impact of healthcare-associated infections in patients with status epilepticus.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have evaluated the incidence, predisposing factors and impact of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) in relation to outcomes among patients with status epilepticus (SE). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the variables associated with development of HCAIs among patients with SE and the impact of factors relating to HCAIs on mortality at three months. METHODS: This study was a retrospective analysis on our prospectively collected dataset, from November 2015 to January 2019. The sample included all consecutive patients diagnosed with SE who were treated at Hospital Eugenio Espejo during that period. In total, 74 patients were included. Clinical variables such as age, etiology of SE, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), hospital length of stay, refractory SE (RSE) and outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: HCAIs were diagnosed in 38 patients (51.4%), with a preponderance of respiratory tract infection (19; 25.7%). Prolonged hospital length of stay (OR=1.09; 95%CI 1.03-1.15) and CCI≥2 (OR=5.50; 95%CI 1.37-22.10) were shown to be independent variables relating to HCAIs. HCAIs were associated with an increased risk of mortality at three months, according to Cox regression analysis (OR=2.23; 95%CI 1.08-4.58), and with infection caused by Gram-negative microorganisms (OR=3.17; 95%CI 1.20-8.39). Kaplan-Meier curve analysis demonstrated that HCAIs had a negative impact on the survival rate at three months (log rank=0.025). CONCLUSIONS: HCAIs are a common complication among Ecuadorian patients with SE and were related to a lower survival rate at three months. Prolonged hospital length of stay, RSE and CCI≥2 were associated with the risk of developing HCAIs.

Predisposing factors and impact of healthcare-associated infections in patients with status epilepticus / Factores predisponentes e impacto de las infecciones asociadas a los cuidados de salud en pacientes con estatus epiléptico

ABSTRACT Background: Few studies have evaluated the incidence, predisposing factors and impact of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) in relation to outcomes among patients with status epilepticus (SE). Objective: To investigate the variables associated with development of HCAIs among patients with SE and the impact of factors relating to HCAIs on mortality at three months. Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis on our prospectively collected dataset, from November 2015 to January 2019. The sample included all consecutive patients diagnosed with SE who were treated at Hospital Eugenio Espejo during that period. In total, 74 patients were included. Clinical variables such as age, etiology of SE, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), hospital length of stay, refractory SE (RSE) and outcomes were analyzed. Results: HCAIs were diagnosed in 38 patients (51.4%), with a preponderance of respiratory tract infection (19; 25.7%). Prolonged hospital length of stay (OR=1.09; 95%CI 1.03-1.15) and CCI≥2 (OR=5.50; 95%CI 1.37-22.10) were shown to be independent variables relating to HCAIs. HCAIs were associated with an increased risk of mortality at three months, according to Cox regression analysis (OR=2.23; 95%CI 1.08-4.58), and with infection caused by Gram-negative microorganisms (OR=3.17; 95%CI 1.20-8.39). Kaplan-Meier curve analysis demonstrated that HCAIs had a negative impact on the survival rate at three months (log rank=0.025). Conclusions: HCAIs are a common complication among Ecuadorian patients with SE and were related to a lower survival rate at three months. Prolonged hospital length of stay, RSE and CCI≥2 were associated with the risk of developing HCAIs.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: Pocos estudios han evaluado la incidencia, los factores predisponentes y el impacto de las infecciones asociadas a los cuidados de salud (IACS) en pacientes con Estatus Epiléptico (EE). Objetivo: Evaluar los factores predisponentes de IACS en pacientes con EE y su impacto evolutivo después de tres meses. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de los datos recogidos prospectivamente en nuestra base de datos, desde noviembre de 2015 hasta enero de 2019. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes diagnosticados y consecutivamente tratados con EE, en el Hospital Eugenio Espejo, durante ese periodo. En total, 74 pacientes fueron incluidos. Se analizaron variables clínicas y evolutivas. Resultados: Las IACS fueron identificadas en 38 pacientes (51,4%), con predominio de infecciones respiratorias (25,7%). Los factores asociados con el desarrollo IACS fueron la estadía hospitalaria prolongada (OR=1,09, IC95% 1,03-1,15) y el índice de Charlson (ICH)≥2 (OR=5,50, IC95% 1,37-22,10). La regresión de Cox demostró un incremento significativo de la mortalidad en los pacientes con IACS (OR=2,23, IC95% 1,08-4,58) y en las causadas por gérmenes gram-negativos (OR=3,17, IC95% 1,20-8,39). La curva de Kaplan Meier evidenció el impacto desfavorable de las IACS (log rank=0.025) en la evolución de los pacientes después de los tres meses. Conclusiones: Las IACS fueron complicaciones frecuentes en los pacientes ecuatorianos con EE y fueron asociadas con una menor supervivencia después de los tres meses. Las variables como la estadía hospitalaria prolongada, el EE refractario y el ICH≥2 fueron identificados como factores de riesgo para sufrir una IACS.

Late leukoencephalopathy in patients with methanol intoxication / Leucoencefalopatía tardía posterior a intoxicación por metanol

No disponible

Meningitis Criptocócica. Diferentes Contextos Clínicos Y Complicaciones. Serie De 7 Casos / Cryptococal Meningitis. Different Clinical Context And Complications. Seven Cases

Resumen Introducción: La meningitis Criptocócica (MC) es una infección grave del Sistema Nervioso Central. El diagnóstico y tratamiento de estos pacientes suele ser complejo, tanto por la severidad de las manifestaciones clínicas, como por sus complicaciones. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir los diferentes contextos clínicos, las características neuroradiológicas y las complicaciones en estos pacientes. Pacientes: Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de los factores clínicos y radiológicos de 7 pacientes atendidos con MC durante el periodo octubre 2016 y septiembre del 2017, en el hospital Eugenio Espejo. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino (6/7), con una edad promedio 31,6 años (rango 19-44). El tiempo promedio que tardó el diagnóstico fue de 8,1 semanas. Se evidenciaron causas de inmunosupresión en 5 pacientes, dos VIH positivos, un caso de Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda, linfopenia idiopática CD4 y Linfagectasia Intestinal Primaria respectivamente. La disminución de la agudeza visual, auditiva y la criptococosis diseminada se presentaron en 3 de los enfermos, con una mortalidad del 26,8%. La hipoglucorraquia fue una característica relevante de los enfermos, el promedio fue de 12,7mmg/dl. En la IRM la lesión más común fue la dilatación de los espacios de Virchow Robins (5/7), seguido de las lesiones isquémicas (2/7). Conclusiones: La MC presenta una elevada morbimortalidad, con síntomas iniciales que pueden ser inespecíficos lo que retarda el diagnóstico e inicio de los antifúngicos. Las condiciones inmunosupresoras predisponentes pueden ser múltiples y en ocasiones todo un reto diagnóstico.

Abstract Introduction: Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a serious infection of the Central Nervous System. The diagnosis and treatment of these patients is often complex, due to the severity of the clinical manifestations and their complications. The aim of this study is to describe the different clinical contexts, the neuroradiological characteristics and the complications of patients with CM. Patients: We performed a retrospective review of clinical and radiological factors of 7 patient's diagnosis and treated with CM during the period October 2016 and September 2017, at the Eugenio Espejo Hospital. Results: Male sex was predominant (6/7), with an average age of 31.6 years (Range 19-44). The average time for the diagnosis was 8.1 weeks. Immunosuppression causes were evidenced in 5 patients, two HIV positive, one case with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, CD4 idiopathic lymphopenia and Primary Intestinal Linfagectasia respectively. Three patients developed complications as disseminated cryptococcosis, visual acuity and hearing loss, mortality rate reach 26.8% of patients. Hypoglycorrhachia was a relevant feature with average 12.7mmg / dl. In MRI, the most common lesion was dilatation of Virchow Robins spaces (5/7), followed by ischemic lesions. Conclusions: CM is characterized for high morbidity and mortality, initial symptoms may be nonspecific and delays the diagnosis as well as initiation of antifungal agents. Several predisposing immunosuppressive conditions can be found and sometimes a diagnostic challenge.

Fibrinólisis Farmacológica En El Ictus Isquémico Agudo. Experiencia En Un Hospital Terciario Del Ecuador / Pharmacological Thrombolysis In Ischemic Stroke. Experience In A Tertiary Hospital From Ecuador

Resumen Introducción: La trombolisis farmacológica en el ictus isquémico se asocia a una mejor recuperación. Objetivo: Describir los resultados del tratamiento con r-Tpa regido por un protocolo y código ictus intrahospitalario durante un año de trabajo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal en pacientes con infarto cerebral ingresados en la Unidad de ictus, con seguimiento clínico hasta 3 meses después del alta hospitalaria. Las variables evaluadas se compararon entre dos grupos de pacientes, tratados o no. Resultados: Se estudiaron 107 pacientes: 16 (14,9 %) fueron trombolizados, 29 (27,1%) arribaron en periodo de ventana terapéutica y 76 (71%) llegaron después de las 4.5 horas. La edad promedio fue de 68,8 años y predominaron las mujeres. El mayor impacto de la trombolisis fue sobre la diferencia de puntaje entre la evaluación inicial y al alta en la escala del NIHSS. A los tres meses de evolución, el porcentaje de pacientes con discapacidad leve (Rankin 0-2) casi se igualó en los dos grupos. La mortalidad se incrementó a expensas de los pacientes con discapacidad más severa (Rankin 3-5). Conclusiones: El tratamiento con r-Tpa demuestra beneficios al alta hospitalaria. Se requiere de análisis posterior con mayor número de casos.

Abstract Introduction: Pharmacological thrombolysis in ischemic stroke is associated with a better recovery. Objective: Describe the thrombolysis results after using r-Tpa applying an intrahospital stroke code, during one year. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal study was performed in patients with cerebral infarction admitted to the stroke unit, with clinical follow-up up to 3 months after hospital discharge. The variables evaluated were compared in two groups of patients (only one group received the treatment). Results: 107 patients were studied: 16 (14.9%) were thrombolyzed, 29 (27.1%) arrived in the therapeutic window period and 76 (71%) arrived after 4.5 hours. The average age was 68, 8 years and women predominated. The greatest impact of thrombolysis was on the difference in score between the initial assessment and the discharge on the NIHSS scale. At three months of evolution, the percentage of patients with mild disability (Rankin 0-2) was almost equal in the two groups. Mortality increased in patients with more severe disability (Rankin 3-5). Conclusions: Treatment with r-Tpa shows benefits at hospital discharge. Further analysis is required with a greater number of cases.

Conocimiento Acerca Del Ictus Isquémico En Ecuatorianos / Knowledge About Ischemic Stroke In Ecuadorian People

Resumen Introducción: La llegada en periodo de ventana terapéutica de un paciente con ictus isquémico al hospital depende de la identificación de las manifestaciones clínicas y el reconocimiento de que se trata de una urgencia médica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, de corte transversal para el cual se diseñó una entrevista estructurada con preguntas cerradas. Objetivo. Evaluar el grado de conocimiento de la población acerca del infarto cerebral. Resultados: Se entrevistaron 135 sujetos sin diagnóstico de ictus, seleccionados al azar entre los familiares de pacientes. La edad media de fue de 42,6 años, predominaron las mujeres (92/68,1%) y el grado de instrucción medio. El 95,5% (129 sujetos) admitió tener poco conocimiento sobre el ictus. Solo el 11,1% señaló de forma correcta las manifestaciones clínicas; el síntoma más reconocido fue el amortiguamiento (59,3%) seguido de los trastornos del habla. El 80,9% identifican el ictus como una condición prevenible. Menos de la mitad de los participantes nombraron adecuadamente los factores de riesgo (66/48,9%). El 88,2% toma una actitud correcta ante los síntomas. Conclusiones: En el grupo de personas entrevistadas el conocimiento acerca de las manifestaciones y los factores de riesgo vascular es deficiente. Es necesario realizar campañas informativas dirigidas a mejorar el conocimiento de la enfermedad.

Summary Introduction: The arrival of patients with ischemic stroke to the hospital in the period of the therapeutic window, depends to a great extent on the identification of their clinical signs and the recognition that it is a medical emergency. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal, cross-sectional study was carried out, based on a structured interview with closed questions. The aim was to access the degree of the population's knowledge about the ischemic stroke. Results: A total of 135 subjects without a diagnosis of stroke were interviewed, randomly selected from the relatives of patients. The average age was 42.6 years, women predominated (92 / 68.1%), with an average level of education. 95.5% (129 subjects) admitted having little knowledge about stroke. Only 11.1% correctly indicated the clinical manifestations; The most recognized symptom was damping (59.3%) followed by speech disorders. 80.9% (109 respondents) identify stroke as a preventable condition. Less than half of the participants adequately named the risk factors (66 / 48.9%). 88.2% take a correct attitude to the symptoms. Conclusions: In the group of people interviewed there is a perception of risk regarding stroke, but knowledge about the manifestations and vascular risk factors is poor. It is necessary to carry out information campaigns aimed to improve knowledge of the disease.

Parálisis unilateral aislada del nervio oculomotor común posterior a trauma craneoencefálico leve / Isolate unilateral oculomotor palsy after mild traumatic brain injury

La parálisis aislada del nervio oculomotor común (NOC) es una presentación clínica infrecuente del traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) leve. Escasas son las descripciones de casos en los que se ha podido demostrar el daño aislado del NOC por avulsión de las raíces con lesión axonal traumática y microhemorragia intraneural. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 23 años que posterior a TCE leve inició con ptosis palpebral derecha, diplopía binocular y fotofobia. Al examen clínico se apreció una oftalmoparesia completa del III par craneal derecho, sin otras alteraciones. Los exámenes de neuroimagen no demostraron daño estructural compresivo sobre el NOC afectado. Se realizó resonancia magnética (RM) con ECO de gradiente y T1 contrastado. Demostrándose signos de hemorragia intraneural del NOC derecho, además de lesión axonal traumática desde su origen en el pedúnculo cerebral derecho hasta alcanzar la fisura orbitaria. Protocolos específicos de RM contribuyen a evidenciar lesiones aisladas del NOC

Isolated traumatic oculomotor nerve (ON) palsy is an uncommon clinical presentation of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). There are very few cases in which it has been possible to demonstrate the isolated damage of the ON by avulsion of the roots, accompanied with traumatic axonal injury and intraneural microhemorrhage. We present a 23-year-old female who, after mild TBI, began to experience right ptosis, binocular diplopia, and photophobia. Clinical examination showed a complete ophthalmoparesis of the right ON, without other neurological deficits. Neuroimaging studies demonstrated no structural compressive damage of the right ON. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with Gradient-echo and T1 weighted post-gadolinium was made, demonstrating signs of intraneural hemorrhage of the right ON, in addition to traumatic axonal injury extending from the right cerebral peduncle to the orbital fissure. Specific MRI protocols contribute as evidence of an isolated lesion to the ON

Isolate unilateral oculomotor palsy after mild traumatic brain injury. / Parálisis unilateral aislada del nervio oculomotor común posterior a trauma craneoencefálico leve.

Isolated traumatic oculomotor nerve (ON) palsy is an uncommon clinical presentation of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). There are very few cases in which it has been possible to demonstrate the isolated damage of the ON by avulsion of the roots, accompanied with traumatic axonal injury and intraneural microhemorrhage. We present a 23-year-old female who, after mild TBI, began to experience right ptosis, binocular diplopia, and photophobia. Clinical examination showed a complete ophthalmoparesis of the right ON, without other neurological deficits. Neuroimaging studies demonstrated no structural compressive damage of the right ON. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with Gradient-echo and T1 weighted post-gadolinium was made, demonstrating signs of intraneural hemorrhage of the right ON, in addition to traumatic axonal injury extending from the right cerebral peduncle to the orbital fissure. Specific MRI protocols contribute as evidence of an isolated lesion to the ON.

Fístula Carótido Cavernosa. Utilidad del ultrasonido Doppler en el diagnóstico / Cavernous carotid fistula. Utility of Doppler ultrasound in diagnosis

Resumen Introducción: Las fístulas carótido cavernosas son malformaciones vasculares infrecuentes que generan un shunt arteriovenoso patológico que compromete el funcionamiento ocular. El diagnóstico definitivo se establece a través de una arteriografía cerebral. Sin embargo, su carácter invasivo limita su uso en el seguimiento. El objetivo de este trabajo es ilustrar el valor del estudio con ultrasonido doppler transcraneal para el diagnóstico y describir los parámetros de flujo que pudieran modificarse. Pacientes: Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de las historias clínicas de los pacientes atendidos con diagnóstico de fistula carótido cavernosa en la unidad de ictus del Hospital CQ Hermanos Ameijeiras de La Habana, entre enero de 2005 y mayo de 2014. Se recogieron variables demográficas y de la enfermedad, así como los resultados de los estudios de imagen y ultrasonido. Resultados: Se describen las características clínicas e imagenológicas de tres enfermos en los que se confirmó el diagnóstico. En los dos pacientes con comunicaciones directas, se registró un aumento de la velocidad media de flujo en la vena oftálmica, arterializada, con disminución de la pulsatilidad; sumado a aumento en la velocidad de pico diastólico en la arteria carótida interna ipsilateral a la fístula. En el paciente con la fístula indirecta los cambios fueron menos marcados. Conclusión: El estudio con ultrasonido fue de utilidad en el diagnóstico de las fístulas carótido cavernosa. Mostró diferencias en parámetros de flujo que pueden servir para clasificar las fistulas.

Abstract Introduction: Carotid cavernous fistulas are infrequent vascular malformations that generate a pathological arteriovenous shunt, which compromises ocular function. The definitive diagnosis is established by cerebral arteriography. However, its invasive nature limits its use in follow-up. The aim of this work is to illustrate the value of the study with transcranial doppler ultrasound for the diagnosis of cavernous carotid fistulas and to describe the flow parameters that could be modified. Patients: A retrospective review of the clinical histories of the patients treated with a diagnosis of cavernous carotid fistula was carried out in the stroke unit of the Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital in Havana, between January 2005 and May 2014. Demographic and disease variables were collected, as well as the results of imaging and ultrasound studies. Results: We describe the clinical and imaging characteristics of three patients in whom carotid cavernous fistula was confirmed. In the two patients with direct communications, an increase of the mean flow velocity in the ophthalmic vein, arterialized, with decrease in pulsatility were registered; in addition to an increase in the diastolic peak velocity in the internal carotid artery ipsilateral to the fistula. In the patient with the indirect fistula the changes were less marked. Conclusion: The ultrasound study was useful in the diagnosis of carotid cavernous fistulas, showing differences in the flow parameters that can be used to classify the fistulas.

Pupila de Adie. Prueba de pilocarpina ocular / Adie pupil. Pilocarpine test

No disponible

Evaluation of STESS, mRSTESS, and EMSE to Predict High Disability and Mortality at Hospital Discharge in Ecuadorian Patients with Status Epilepticus.

BACKGROUND: Adequate identification of the severity of status epilepticus (SE) contributes to individualized treatment. The scales most widely used for this purpose are: Status Epilepticus Severity Score (STESS), Epidemiology-Based Mortality Score in Status Epilepticus (EMSE) and modified Rankin Scale STESS (mRSTESS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the STESS, EMSE and mRSTESS scales to predict high disability and hospital mortality at discharge (HD/HM). METHODS: A prospective study was conducted in which total of 41 patients were registered from November 2015 to January 2018 at Eugenio Espejo Hospital. Clinical variables such as age, sex, clinical status at the beginning of the SE, initial symptom of SE, as well as the STESS, mRSTESS and EMSE variant scales were studied at the time of the diagnosis of SE. RESULTS: A total of 41 patients were evaluated, of which 8 (19.5%) had HD at hospital discharge and died 13 (31.7%) during their care. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve to predict HD/HM was 0.71 (95% CI (confidence interval) 0.55-0.87), 0.81 (95% CI 0.67-0.94), 0.89 (95% CI 0.79-0.99), 0.90 (95% CI 0.80-1.0), 0.89 (95% CI 0.78-0.99) for the STESS, mRSTESS, EMSE-EAC (etiology, age, comorbidities), EMSE-EACEG (etiology, age, comorbidities, electroencephalography) and EMSE-ECLEG (etiology, age, level of consciousness at pre-treatment, electroencephalography), variants of EMSE, respectively. The binary logistic regression demonstrated how the following cut-off points were determined: STESS OR (odd ratio) 4.80 (p = 0.02), mRSTESS OR 7.89 (p = 0.00), EMSE-EAC OR 22.16 (p = 0.00), EMSE-ECLEG OR 18.00 (p = 0.00), EMSE-EACEG OR 14 (p = 0.00). CONCLUSIONS: All of the evaluated scales (STESS, mRSTESS, and EMSE) were shown to be useful in predicting HD/HM. EMSE was observed to be the most effective of the scales, with relative similarities among the variants.

Predictores de resangrado en pacientes con hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática y retardo del tratamiento neuroquirúrgico / Re-bleeding predictors in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and delayed neurosurgical treatment

Objetivo: Evaluar los factores predictores de resangrado en los pacientes con hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática y tratamiento neuroquirúrgico tardío. Pacientes y método: Se realizó un estudio tipo cohorte prospectivo con los 261 pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras en La Habana, Cuba, en el periodo comprendido entre octubre de 2005 y junio de 2014, con diagnóstico de hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática. Resultados: En el análisis multivariado se encontró que los grados III y IV de las escalas de la Federación Mundial de Neurocirujanos (III-OR 2,01; 95% CI 1,06-3,84; IV-OR 3,84, 95% CI 2,06-7,31) y de Fisher (III-OR 2,04; 95% CI 1,01-4,13; IV-OR 2,12; 95% CI 1,05-4,28), los aneurismas localizados en la arteria comunicante anterior (OR 1,57; 95% CI 1,00-2,46) y de circulación posterior (OR 2,45; 95% CI 1,33-4,44), así como el antecedente personal de hipertensión arterial (OR 2,70; 95% CI 1,00-7,30) fueron asociados a un incremento del riesgo de resangrado, mientras que la cifras de tensión arterial, las de glucemia, los aneurismas múltiples y la localización en la arteria cerebral media no mostró esta relación. Conclusiones: Los antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, los peores grados en las escalas de Fisher y de la Federación Mundial de Neurocirujanos, así como la localización de los aneurismas fueron factores de riesgo independientes de resangrado en pacientes con hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática y tratamiento neuroquirúrgico tardío

Objective: To evaluate the re-bleeding predictors in patients with delayed treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Patients and methods: A prospective cohort study enrolled 261 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, attending in Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital from October 2005, and June 2014. Results: An increased re-bleeding risk in the multivariate analysis was associated with grade III (OR 2.01; 95% CI; 1.06-3.84) and grade IV (OR 3.84; 95% CI; 2.06-7.31) on World Federation Neurological Surgeon (WFNS) scale; grade III (OR 2.04; 95% CI; 1.01-4.13) and grade IV (OR 2.12, 95% CI; 1.05-4.28) on the Fischer scale, aneurism location in posterior circulation (OR 2.45, 95% CI; 1.33-4.44), and anterior communicant artery (OR 1.57, 95% CI;1.00-2.46). Hypertension history was present in 60.9% (159 patients) and was also associated with risk of re-bleeding (OR 2.70, 95% CI; 1.00-7.30). Blood pressure, haematocrit, glycemic, aneurysm size, multiple aneurysms, and location in the middle cerebral artery, do not show any relationship. Conclusion: Hypertension history, poor grade (III and IV) on WFNS and Fisher scale and aneurysm location were independent risks factors of re-bleeding in patients with delayed aneurysmal treatment

[Re-bleeding predictors in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and delayed neurosurgical treatment]. / Predictores de resangrado en pacientes con hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática y retardo del tratamiento neuroquirúrgico.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the re-bleeding predictors in patients with delayed treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study enrolled 261 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, attending in Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital from October 2005, and June 2014. RESULTS: An increased re-bleeding risk in the multivariate analysis was associated with grade III (OR 2.01; 95% CI; 1.06-3.84) and grade IV (OR 3.84; 95% CI; 2.06-7.31) on World Federation Neurological Surgeon (WFNS) scale; grade III (OR 2.04; 95% CI; 1.01-4.13) and grade IV (OR 2.12, 95% CI; 1.05-4.28) on the Fischer scale, aneurism location in posterior circulation (OR 2.45, 95% CI; 1.33-4.44), and anterior communicant artery (OR 1.57, 95% CI;1.00-2.46). Hypertension history was present in 60.9% (159 patients) and was also associated with risk of re-bleeding (OR 2.70, 95% CI; 1.00-7.30). Blood pressure, haematocrit, glycemic, aneurysm size, multiple aneurysms, and location in the middle cerebral artery, do not show any relationship. CONCLUSION: Hypertension history, poor grade (III and IV) on WFNS and Fisher scale and aneurysm location were independent risks factors of re-bleeding in patients with delayed aneurysmal treatment.

Predictor's of Mortality in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage and Reebleding.

Methods. "Ameijeiras Brother's" and "Cmdt. Manuel Fajardo" Hospitals enrolled 64 patients (multicentre retrospective cohort) with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and rebleeding. The patients were admitted to the Stroke Unit (SU) between January 1, 2006, and December 1, 2013. Demographic, clinical, and radiological variables were examined in logistic regression to evaluate independent factors for increasing the risk of death. Results. Patients with systolic blood pressure >160 mmHg (P = 0.02), serum glucose >7 mmol/L (P = 0.02), aneurysm location in artery communicant anterior (P = 0.03), and black/mixed race (P = 0.008) were significant related to death in univariate analysis. Risk factors (HTA, smoke, alcohol consumption, and DM), complication, multiplex rebleeding and stage of WFNS, and Fisher's scale were not related to mortality. Patients with three or more complications had a higher mortality rate (P = 0.002). The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that race (black/mixed, P = 0.00, OR 4.62, and 95% IC 1.40-16.26), systolic blood pressure (>160 mmHg, P = 0.05, OR 2.54, and 95% IC 1.01-3.13), and serum glucose (>7.0 mmol/L, P = 0.05, OR 1.82, and 95% IC 1.27-2.67) were independent risk factors for death. Conclusions. The black/mixed race, SBP, and serum glucose were independent predictors of mortality. Three or more complications were associated with increasing the probability to death. Further investigation is necessary to validate these findings.

Resangrado por ruptura aneurismática: epidemiología, factores asociados, fisiopatología y tratamiento / Rebleeding from ruptured intracranial aneurysms: epidemiology, associated factors, physiopathology, and treatment

Objetivo: Revisar los aspectos actuales acerca de la epidemiología, los factores asociados, la fisiopatología y el tratamiento farmacológico del resangrado subaracnoideo por ruptura del aneurisma intracraneal.Desarrollo: El resangrado subaracnoideo en el curso de la ruptura aneurismática es una complicación que constituye laprincipal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad de los pacientes con hemorragia subaranoidea. Se ha postulado el papel de factores asociados como la hipertensión sistólica (más de 160 mm Hg), el deterioro clínico al inicio de los síntomas, el hematoma intracerebral, el tamaño del aneurisma y la cefalea centinela. Los mecanismos fisiopatológicos supuestamenteimplicados abordan la presión transmural, la fibrinólisis y la coagulación. El tratamiento antifibrinolítico en los primeros tresdías de la hemorragia ha demostrado ser eficaz en la disminución de esta complicación, así como el aislamientoaneurismático precoz.Conclusiones: Se han identificado en los últimos años algunos factores asociados al resangrado por ruptura aneurismática,pero existen discrepancias en relación a su papel causal. El aseguramiento precoz del aneurisma y la terapia antifibrinolítica por cortos periodos de tiempo son las medidas terapéuticas que han demostrado eficacia en la prevención del resangrado por ruptura aneurismática(AU)

Objective: To review the recent aspects about epidemiology, related factors, physiopathology and treatment in rebleeding associated with aneurismatic subarachnoid haemorrhage.Development: Rebleeding is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with aneurismatic subarachnoid haemorrhage. There are factors associated with increase of this complication in many studies: systolic hypertension (more than 160 mm Hg), poor clinical condition at symptoms onset, intracerebral hematoma, size of the aneurism and sentinel headache. The main physiopathology mechanisms related are transmural pressure, fibrinolysis and coagulation systemdisorders. The administration of antifibrinolitic treatment in the first three days of subaracnoidea haemorrhage had been show decrease of rebleeding rate, also associated with the early surgery (conventional or endovascular).Resangrado por ruptura aneurismática: epidemiología, factores asociados, fisiopatología y tratamientoConclusions: Some factors are related with rebleeding, but are not clear the causal effect of them. The early surgery and short antifibrinolitic therapy had been the most useful treatment to prevent aneurismatic rebleeding(AU)

Características clínicas y evolutivas asociados al resangrado en la hemorragia subaracnoideaaneurismática / Clinical and outcome characteristics associated with rebleeding in aneurismatic subarachnoid hemorrhage

Objetivo: Evaluar las características clínicas y evolutivas asociadas al resangrado en pacientes con hemorragiasubaracnoidea aneurismática ingresados en una unidad de ictus.Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, de cohorte retrospectiva en los pacientes tratados por hemorragiasubaracnoidea aneurismática en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico “Hermanos Ameijeiras”, en La Habana (Cuba), en el periodo comprendido entre octubre de 2005 a diciembre de 2012.Resultados: Predominó la localización aneurismática en la arteria comunicante posterior, seguida de la arteria comunicante anterior. Se encontró una asociación significativa con el antecedente de hipertensión arterial (p=0,011), así como una mayormortalidad (Rankin 6, p=0,000) al egreso y en la unidad de ictus (p=0,013) en los pacientes que resangraron. En los pacientes que tuvieron recurrencia de la hemorragia subaracnoidea la mayoría de los aneurismas (52/88,1 Por ciento de 59) estaban ubicados en las arterias de la circulación anterior, siendo la localización más frecuente la arteria comunicante anterior (25/42,4 Por ciento) seguida por la arteria comunicante posterior (16/27,1 por ciento). En el grupo sin recurrencia de la hemorragia los aneurismas se ubicaron principalmente en el sector carotideo (96,5 Por ciento) y la localización más frecuente fue en la arteria comunicante posterior (84/36,7 Por ciento) seguido de la arteria comunicante anterior (67/29,2 Por ciento). El día de la cirugía fue más tardío en los pacientes que resangraron, respecto al resto de los enfermos sin que la diferencia fuese significativa (16,6 días versus 12,2 días, p=0,085).Conclusiones: El antecedente de hipertensión arterial, una mayor mortalidad, así como mayor grado de discapacidad al egreso y la necesidad de traslado a una unidad de cuidados intensivos caracterizó a los enfermos con hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática con resangrado(AU)

Objective: To evaluate clinical and outcome characteristics of patients with rebleeding after aneurismatic subarachnoid hemorrhage.Methods: An observational, retrospective cohort study was made, in patients treated by subarachnoid hemorrhage at the Hermanos Ameijeiras´s Hospital, in Havana City, Cuba, since October 2005 until December 2012.Results: The more frequent location of the aneurism was the posterior communicant artery, followed by the anterior communicant. There was a significant association in patients with history of arterial hypertension(p=0.011), with an increase of the mortality (Rankin 6, p=0.000). In patients with subarachnoid rebleeding most aneurism were located in anterior circulation arteries (52/88.1 Per cent of 59), mainly in anterior communicant artery (25/42.4 Per cent) followed by posterior communicantartery (16/27.1 Per cent). In non-rebleeding group the aneurisms were located mainly in carotid sector (96.5 Per cent) and more frequentin posterior communicant artery (84/36.7 Per cent) followed by anterior communicant artery (67/29.2 Per cent). The surgical treatment was delayed in patients with rebleeding (16.6 days), compare with the other group of patients (12.2 days), but the difference was not significant (p=0.085).Conclusions: Patients with rebleeding after aneurismatic subarachnoid hemorrhage was characterized by arterial hypertension´s history, higher mortality, disability and assistance in intensive unit service(AU)